الجمعة، 3 يونيو 2011
Hair, Skin, Nail Support - the Beauty Brigade
Skin - that thin covering that separates you from the rest of the world. It's our largest organ, providing your first line of defense from all those outside invaders and guards us against all the elements. Skin should be clear and smooth, fresh and bright.
Can My Skin, Nails, And Hair Benefit From Silica Supplements
Though silica has been present in our food, body and sand for ages, it's only recently that researches have actually started comprehending the true value of this multifaceted element.
The human body is made up tissues, bones and skin, which are held together by collagen. Silica helps in strengthening the collagen and plays a vital role in its formation. As a result, silica is a natural constituent of bones, hair skin and nails of the human body.
It is quite a paradox that though silica is one of the most abundant elements on the surface of this planet, yet a variety of researches reveal that the human body loses about 41% of silica through the natural processes of elimination. Therefore, in order to maintain optimum levels of silica in the body, it's important to take more of silica rich foods like unrefined grains, fruits, alfalfa, onions, sunflower seeds, peanuts, almonds, oats and flax-seed.
Delayed aging and prevention of diseases like atherosclerosis are some of the well-known benefits of silica. The other lesser known benefits include reduction of high blood pressure and enhancing the blood circulation in the body. Silica also helps in protecting the lung tissues from pollution and aids in their maintenance and repair. It also helps in reducing inflammation in the body. People who are at a risk of developing kidney stones or urinary infection can benefit from silica since it is a natural diuretic. Silica also helps in curing and preventing diarrhea and aids in healing ulcers of the stomach and the intestines. This element can help in alleviating lower back pain and healing haemorrhoidal tissues.
Many researches have also revealed that silica helps diabetics by catalyzing the production of an enzyme inhibitor called elastase in the pancreas. It also helps in enhancing the elasticity of the joints and thus increasing the mobility. Silica may also help in lessening the pain associated with rheumatism and osteoarthritis. Certain studies have indicated that it may even help in the stimulation of processes like cell division and metabolism.
Silica augments the vigor and elasticity of the hair. Studies have indicated that it may even prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's by reducing the aluminum absorption in the body and also help in eliminating it as well.
Though it has not received an official conformation, yet a lot of studies have shown that the presence of adequate amounts of silica is essential for the optimum functioning of the human body. When trying to find the best silica supplements one should look for a pure, all natural source such as quartz crystal. Quartz crystal is the second most abundant compound found on this earth. Silicon Dioxide is Quartz Crystal Quartz crystal is made up for one Silicon and two Oxygen molecules.
The human body is made up tissues, bones and skin, which are held together by collagen. Silica helps in strengthening the collagen and plays a vital role in its formation. As a result, silica is a natural constituent of bones, hair skin and nails of the human body.
It is quite a paradox that though silica is one of the most abundant elements on the surface of this planet, yet a variety of researches reveal that the human body loses about 41% of silica through the natural processes of elimination. Therefore, in order to maintain optimum levels of silica in the body, it's important to take more of silica rich foods like unrefined grains, fruits, alfalfa, onions, sunflower seeds, peanuts, almonds, oats and flax-seed.
Delayed aging and prevention of diseases like atherosclerosis are some of the well-known benefits of silica. The other lesser known benefits include reduction of high blood pressure and enhancing the blood circulation in the body. Silica also helps in protecting the lung tissues from pollution and aids in their maintenance and repair. It also helps in reducing inflammation in the body. People who are at a risk of developing kidney stones or urinary infection can benefit from silica since it is a natural diuretic. Silica also helps in curing and preventing diarrhea and aids in healing ulcers of the stomach and the intestines. This element can help in alleviating lower back pain and healing haemorrhoidal tissues.
Many researches have also revealed that silica helps diabetics by catalyzing the production of an enzyme inhibitor called elastase in the pancreas. It also helps in enhancing the elasticity of the joints and thus increasing the mobility. Silica may also help in lessening the pain associated with rheumatism and osteoarthritis. Certain studies have indicated that it may even help in the stimulation of processes like cell division and metabolism.
Silica augments the vigor and elasticity of the hair. Studies have indicated that it may even prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's by reducing the aluminum absorption in the body and also help in eliminating it as well.
Though it has not received an official conformation, yet a lot of studies have shown that the presence of adequate amounts of silica is essential for the optimum functioning of the human body. When trying to find the best silica supplements one should look for a pure, all natural source such as quartz crystal. Quartz crystal is the second most abundant compound found on this earth. Silicon Dioxide is Quartz Crystal Quartz crystal is made up for one Silicon and two Oxygen molecules.
gold from the sea
In the early part of the 20 century, expressed the hope that chemists could develop a process to restore the pure gold of large quantities of sea water, making themselves and their country rich. Spent a German chemist Fritz Haber, inventor of the famous participant in the Haber process, Bush, part of his career in an attempt to extract the gold from the sea to pay the debt of Germany in the period after the First World War.
However, the lure of gold is great, people in all parts of history have spent their lives in an attempt to get it, either through theft, transmuting it from lead, or extract it from seawater. Of course, these pharmacies have failed in this endeavor. Do you successfully extract the gold require a series of centrifuges, a large and expensive so that the extracted gold will not be able to pay construction costs.
It turns out that the only metal that can be drawn from the Atlantic Ocean is profitable salt. Cubic miles of sea water value of salt, it turns out, is enough to supply the entire world to reach more than a year - 128 million tons. And is extracted from the collection of such information in areas where sea water evaporates, leaving behind salt deposits. Ancient Chinese did this as long as 3000 years ago. Today, it is to get most of the salt from salt water wells, salt domes, which were created millions of years ago when ancient seas evaporated.
Another mineral that has been successfully isolated in large quantities of sea water and manganese. In some areas of the world, covering the bottom of the ocean in several trillions of manganese nodules, the dust that has been resolved in the waters of the sea. In fact, as much as 1/1000th of sea water, by weight,
However, the lure of gold is great, people in all parts of history have spent their lives in an attempt to get it, either through theft, transmuting it from lead, or extract it from seawater. Of course, these pharmacies have failed in this endeavor. Do you successfully extract the gold require a series of centrifuges, a large and expensive so that the extracted gold will not be able to pay construction costs.
It turns out that the only metal that can be drawn from the Atlantic Ocean is profitable salt. Cubic miles of sea water value of salt, it turns out, is enough to supply the entire world to reach more than a year - 128 million tons. And is extracted from the collection of such information in areas where sea water evaporates, leaving behind salt deposits. Ancient Chinese did this as long as 3000 years ago. Today, it is to get most of the salt from salt water wells, salt domes, which were created millions of years ago when ancient seas evaporated.
Another mineral that has been successfully isolated in large quantities of sea water and manganese. In some areas of the world, covering the bottom of the ocean in several trillions of manganese nodules, the dust that has been resolved in the waters of the sea. In fact, as much as 1/1000th of sea water, by weight,
muhammad is the messenger of allah
All will be listed within this article was taken from books, manuscripts and texts are supported in addition to stories quoting people who actually witnessed the events. References that were relied upon, too numerous to mention here, preserved over the centuries by both Muslims and non-Muslims.
Many people in these days of the Prophet (peace be upon him). Who is it exactly? What did he teach? He loves a lot of people do not do some of them? Did he live up to his? Did the holy man? Was he a prophet of God? What is the truth about this man? You be the judge!
Here are the facts as narrated by thousands of people, many of whom knew the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and knew him personally.
* He was born to the lineage of Mecca and the oldest tribes.
* Named "Muhammad" is derived from the source, "Hamad," and the public since that time and until this very moment, God inherits the earth and them arriving him many times per day, - blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad peace be upon him -
* He never habits of the tribe in the worship of idols, idols or gods that they fell into.
* He believed that God is one God and must be worshiped alone, without any partner.
* Was revered and respected name of God never took a jest or ridicule was not used for the purposes or the interests of no use.
* He despised false worship and all the consequent behaviors and transactions degenerate.
* Committed to the application of all religious teachings, "the teachings of one God," as did the prophets before him.
* He never. He advised others not to commit this shameful act.
* It prohibits the hills as he did before Christ, peace be upon him centuries.
* He never gambled and did not allow it.
* Did not drink alcohol, though it was a very normal thing for people of his time.
* Not backbite anyone ever, and shows what he hears from gossip and backbiting.
* He fasted closer to Almighty God and away from the desires of him.
* Said that the Messiah Jesus son of Mary - peace be upon him - is a miracle of God's creation and that the mother of the Virgin of the best creation of Almighty God.
* Confirmed - peace be upon him - even to the Jews of Medina, that Jesus - peace be upon him - is the Christ, who stated in the Torah.
* He said that the miracles that came by Jesus - peace be upon him - (of healing the blind and the leper and the revival of the dead) is from God.
* He stated clearly that Jesus - peace be upon him - did not die, but God raised him to heaven.
* The alert (peace be upon him) was inspired by God, that Christ will return Ajaraloyam to lead the believers to victory over the enemies of the right and kill the Antichrist.
* He also ordered the (peace be upon him) to pay alms to the poor and he was the protector and defender of widows, orphans and the wayfarers.
• The family is reunited and honor the ties of kinship and he restored the relations between family members.
* Urged his followers to engage women through legal marriage and has forbidden adultery.
* Confirmed - upon him blessings and peace - to give women their rights of dowry, inheritance and property ....
* All manners of noble patience and humility, and others had to admit to everyone who knew him by creating Hamid, who is unparalleled among humans.
A - did not lie Muhammad - peace be upon him - never, did not betray the covenants did not false witness, never. Was known by all the tribes in Mecca, known Saadiq Secretary.
B - has not weighed - peace be upon him - never, and did not have relations outside of marriage did not accept such acts even though it was very common at that time.
T - not associated with any woman except in the framework of legitimate marriage and the presence of witnesses according to law.
W - relationship with Ms. Aisha - may Allah be pleased with them - was a valid marriage relationship we know the details of the conversations, which shared the Aisha as the highest relationship between a man and a woman full of love and respect. Ayesha is considered one of the best of Roy talk about the Prophet - peace be upon him - was not only one day the wife of the Messenger of Allah, were not linked to any other man, the Prophet did not tell him - peace be upon him - that is never a negative attitude.
C - Campus - peace be upon him - killing until it is clear from the rule of God in the situation. As God's teachings in this regard: Allah has permitted to kill all of the experience of Muslims and Islam, but fighting on the border with the province, including that of God on this matter.
H - Islam has forbidden the killing of any innocent life.
X - never happened no genocide of Jews. He asked forgiveness for them and provided them with protection, even after they broke their covenants with him - peace be upon him - several times. Did not address them, the messenger is only after it became clear to him that they betrayed him and wanted to sign him and the Muslims. Retaliation was applied only to those who proved to be treason to God and His noble Messenger.
D - then known tribes to own slaves and that Islam came to edit the order necks. He has the prophet freeing slaves and ordered all his followers to do so. It up - peace be upon him - free maid - who was like a son to him - Zaid bin Haritha and by Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him bought Bilal al-Habashi - the first muezzin in Islam - only to edit it.
Y - For those who were trying to undermine the messenger and kill him, (The most famous incident that occurred when Nam master the generosity of God and his face in the bed of the Messenger of Allah on the night he left the city with Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him), he did the Prophet anyone ever to punish those involved in such such acts. The biggest proof of that when the Prophet entered Mecca triumphantly and his was the first orders to his followers not to harm any who offend him and his companions were (peace be upon him). That is one of the scenes of amnesty and pardon in the life of Holy Prophet (peace be upon him).
T - did not allow the Muslims to fight in the first thirteen years of advocacy. It was not related Bmekdrthm to fight because they were experienced to do so because the nature of the life they once knew and long-standing disputes between the tribes, but it's God's fight had not been revealed yet. But after that the law of God Almighty the fighting began with the duties and rights arising from that and the limits of God. The orders of God on the subject of fighting and a clear and explicit for those who fight and how, when and what limits must not be overcome.
G - forbidden in Islam to destroy the infrastructure is strictly prohibited unless ordered by God according to certain situations.
Q - While the enemies of Islam seek to abuse the Prophet in various ways and cursing, he (peace be upon him) praying for their guidance. The best proof of this trip (peace be upon him) to Taif, which hurt the Messenger of Allah mischief very beginning of the refusal to meet him by the tribal elders and ending with the beat and pelted him with stones by children who are left behind even bloodied feet Ahariftan peace be upon him. And when he came Gabriel peace be upon him to take revenge on his enemies and offered him to order the king of the mountains to be applied on them, reject (peace be upon him), and he urged them to be guided and said, "It may be out of the solidity who believes in God." What the will of the Holy Prophet is to deliver the message and did not take care of himself and the extent of the injury suffered.
U - The Prophet (peace be upon him) that every child is born on instinct (to Islam: Islam means complete submission to God and follow his orders), but influenced by the society in which they live and education received by the change what's inside of common sense.
R - The Science of the Holy Prophet and his companions, all Muslims to worship the one God the God of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Jacob, Moses, David and Solomon and Jesus, peace be upon them all and believe in them all the apostles and prophets, and the servants of the One God. He also stressed the respect and reverence for all the prophets, without differentiating between them.
Z - also said that the assets of the Torah, the Psalms and the Gospel are from the same source as the Quran - not a God -
I - predicted the Prophet - inspired by God - a lot of events have already been, as told from the events of the future and you will get there as well.
Q - I have stated in the Koran the story of the sinking of Pharaoh, when the right of the Prophet Moses peace be upon him is outside of Egypt, "the day shall We save thee to be behind those verses," The French scientist, Maurice Bucaille in his book "The Bible, Quran and Science" to confirm this fact, which stunned the world when it reached through his analysis of the mummy of "Pharaoh" that the effects of salt remaining due to drowning in the sea, and said this is what God says in the Qur'an more than 1400 years.
P - The events of the story of the sinking of Pharaoh was before the mission of the Prophet (peace be upon him) thousands of years and mentioned in the Koran did not show this truth to the world only a few decades ago after more than 1400 years to the revelation of the Qur'an ... How the messenger to know this, if not the Holy Word of God one Sunday.
Many people in these days of the Prophet (peace be upon him). Who is it exactly? What did he teach? He loves a lot of people do not do some of them? Did he live up to his? Did the holy man? Was he a prophet of God? What is the truth about this man? You be the judge!
Here are the facts as narrated by thousands of people, many of whom knew the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and knew him personally.
* He was born to the lineage of Mecca and the oldest tribes.
* Named "Muhammad" is derived from the source, "Hamad," and the public since that time and until this very moment, God inherits the earth and them arriving him many times per day, - blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad peace be upon him -
* He never habits of the tribe in the worship of idols, idols or gods that they fell into.
* He believed that God is one God and must be worshiped alone, without any partner.
* Was revered and respected name of God never took a jest or ridicule was not used for the purposes or the interests of no use.
* He despised false worship and all the consequent behaviors and transactions degenerate.
* Committed to the application of all religious teachings, "the teachings of one God," as did the prophets before him.
* He never. He advised others not to commit this shameful act.
* It prohibits the hills as he did before Christ, peace be upon him centuries.
* He never gambled and did not allow it.
* Did not drink alcohol, though it was a very normal thing for people of his time.
* Not backbite anyone ever, and shows what he hears from gossip and backbiting.
* He fasted closer to Almighty God and away from the desires of him.
* Said that the Messiah Jesus son of Mary - peace be upon him - is a miracle of God's creation and that the mother of the Virgin of the best creation of Almighty God.
* Confirmed - peace be upon him - even to the Jews of Medina, that Jesus - peace be upon him - is the Christ, who stated in the Torah.
* He said that the miracles that came by Jesus - peace be upon him - (of healing the blind and the leper and the revival of the dead) is from God.
* He stated clearly that Jesus - peace be upon him - did not die, but God raised him to heaven.
* The alert (peace be upon him) was inspired by God, that Christ will return Ajaraloyam to lead the believers to victory over the enemies of the right and kill the Antichrist.
* He also ordered the (peace be upon him) to pay alms to the poor and he was the protector and defender of widows, orphans and the wayfarers.
• The family is reunited and honor the ties of kinship and he restored the relations between family members.
* Urged his followers to engage women through legal marriage and has forbidden adultery.
* Confirmed - upon him blessings and peace - to give women their rights of dowry, inheritance and property ....
* All manners of noble patience and humility, and others had to admit to everyone who knew him by creating Hamid, who is unparalleled among humans.
A - did not lie Muhammad - peace be upon him - never, did not betray the covenants did not false witness, never. Was known by all the tribes in Mecca, known Saadiq Secretary.
B - has not weighed - peace be upon him - never, and did not have relations outside of marriage did not accept such acts even though it was very common at that time.
T - not associated with any woman except in the framework of legitimate marriage and the presence of witnesses according to law.
W - relationship with Ms. Aisha - may Allah be pleased with them - was a valid marriage relationship we know the details of the conversations, which shared the Aisha as the highest relationship between a man and a woman full of love and respect. Ayesha is considered one of the best of Roy talk about the Prophet - peace be upon him - was not only one day the wife of the Messenger of Allah, were not linked to any other man, the Prophet did not tell him - peace be upon him - that is never a negative attitude.
C - Campus - peace be upon him - killing until it is clear from the rule of God in the situation. As God's teachings in this regard: Allah has permitted to kill all of the experience of Muslims and Islam, but fighting on the border with the province, including that of God on this matter.
H - Islam has forbidden the killing of any innocent life.
X - never happened no genocide of Jews. He asked forgiveness for them and provided them with protection, even after they broke their covenants with him - peace be upon him - several times. Did not address them, the messenger is only after it became clear to him that they betrayed him and wanted to sign him and the Muslims. Retaliation was applied only to those who proved to be treason to God and His noble Messenger.
D - then known tribes to own slaves and that Islam came to edit the order necks. He has the prophet freeing slaves and ordered all his followers to do so. It up - peace be upon him - free maid - who was like a son to him - Zaid bin Haritha and by Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him bought Bilal al-Habashi - the first muezzin in Islam - only to edit it.
Y - For those who were trying to undermine the messenger and kill him, (The most famous incident that occurred when Nam master the generosity of God and his face in the bed of the Messenger of Allah on the night he left the city with Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him), he did the Prophet anyone ever to punish those involved in such such acts. The biggest proof of that when the Prophet entered Mecca triumphantly and his was the first orders to his followers not to harm any who offend him and his companions were (peace be upon him). That is one of the scenes of amnesty and pardon in the life of Holy Prophet (peace be upon him).
T - did not allow the Muslims to fight in the first thirteen years of advocacy. It was not related Bmekdrthm to fight because they were experienced to do so because the nature of the life they once knew and long-standing disputes between the tribes, but it's God's fight had not been revealed yet. But after that the law of God Almighty the fighting began with the duties and rights arising from that and the limits of God. The orders of God on the subject of fighting and a clear and explicit for those who fight and how, when and what limits must not be overcome.
G - forbidden in Islam to destroy the infrastructure is strictly prohibited unless ordered by God according to certain situations.
Q - While the enemies of Islam seek to abuse the Prophet in various ways and cursing, he (peace be upon him) praying for their guidance. The best proof of this trip (peace be upon him) to Taif, which hurt the Messenger of Allah mischief very beginning of the refusal to meet him by the tribal elders and ending with the beat and pelted him with stones by children who are left behind even bloodied feet Ahariftan peace be upon him. And when he came Gabriel peace be upon him to take revenge on his enemies and offered him to order the king of the mountains to be applied on them, reject (peace be upon him), and he urged them to be guided and said, "It may be out of the solidity who believes in God." What the will of the Holy Prophet is to deliver the message and did not take care of himself and the extent of the injury suffered.
U - The Prophet (peace be upon him) that every child is born on instinct (to Islam: Islam means complete submission to God and follow his orders), but influenced by the society in which they live and education received by the change what's inside of common sense.
R - The Science of the Holy Prophet and his companions, all Muslims to worship the one God the God of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Jacob, Moses, David and Solomon and Jesus, peace be upon them all and believe in them all the apostles and prophets, and the servants of the One God. He also stressed the respect and reverence for all the prophets, without differentiating between them.
Z - also said that the assets of the Torah, the Psalms and the Gospel are from the same source as the Quran - not a God -
I - predicted the Prophet - inspired by God - a lot of events have already been, as told from the events of the future and you will get there as well.
Q - I have stated in the Koran the story of the sinking of Pharaoh, when the right of the Prophet Moses peace be upon him is outside of Egypt, "the day shall We save thee to be behind those verses," The French scientist, Maurice Bucaille in his book "The Bible, Quran and Science" to confirm this fact, which stunned the world when it reached through his analysis of the mummy of "Pharaoh" that the effects of salt remaining due to drowning in the sea, and said this is what God says in the Qur'an more than 1400 years.
P - The events of the story of the sinking of Pharaoh was before the mission of the Prophet (peace be upon him) thousands of years and mentioned in the Koran did not show this truth to the world only a few decades ago after more than 1400 years to the revelation of the Qur'an ... How the messenger to know this, if not the Holy Word of God one Sunday.
Génétique et métabolisation des carcinogènes du tabac
Génétique et métabolisation des carcinogènes du tabac
Au niveau de l’organisme, les carcinogènes du tabac sont
métabolisés par des enzymes dont le rôle majeur est leur
élimination. Certains des gènes codant pour ces enzymes ont
un polymorphisme. Pour un individu, hériter d’une enzyme à
activité réduite peut conduire à une accumulation excessive de
toxiques et à une diminution des capacités de détoxification.
Des études épidémiologiques ont été menées afin d’identifier,
parmi les polymorphismes des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme
des carcinogènes du tabac, ceux pouvant constituer
des facteurs de risque pour les carcinomes des VADS [24]. Les
glutathions-S-transférases (GST) forment une famille d’isoenzymes
qui catalysent la conjugaison du gluthation sur des
substrats électrophiles. Ce sont des enzymes qui ont un rôle
majeur dans la détoxification de nombreux composés.
Dans la population caucasienne, 2 génotypes homozygotes nuls
de GSTM1 et GSTT1 sont détectés chez respectivement 40 et
15 % des sujets. Dans les 2 cas, il s’agit d’une double délétion
du gène avec comme conséquence une absence totale d’enzyme.
La double délétion de GSTM1 [25] et l’association des 2
génotypes homozygotes nuls de GSTM1 et GSTT1 augmentent
le risque de carcinome des VADS [26].
Les cytochromes P450 forment une famille d’enzymes qui
intervient également dans le métabolisme de nombreux toxiques.
Parmi eux, rappelons les cytochromes P450 1A1
(=CYP1A1 MspI) et 2E1 (=CYP2E1 PstI) qui métabolisent le
B(a)P en B(a)P-diol-époxide [25]. Il est décrit chez certains
sujets une hyperactivité du CYP1A1 associée à une augmentation
des adduits du B(a)P sur l’ADN et une augmentation
du risque de cancer du larynx et de la cavité buccale chez
les fumeurs [15]. Il a été montré que l’association d’une
hyperactivité du CYP1A1 et du génotype GSTM1 nul constituait
un risque multiplicatif pour les carcinomes des VADS [25].
Au niveau de l’organisme, les carcinogènes du tabac sont
métabolisés par des enzymes dont le rôle majeur est leur
élimination. Certains des gènes codant pour ces enzymes ont
un polymorphisme. Pour un individu, hériter d’une enzyme à
activité réduite peut conduire à une accumulation excessive de
toxiques et à une diminution des capacités de détoxification.
Des études épidémiologiques ont été menées afin d’identifier,
parmi les polymorphismes des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme
des carcinogènes du tabac, ceux pouvant constituer
des facteurs de risque pour les carcinomes des VADS [24]. Les
glutathions-S-transférases (GST) forment une famille d’isoenzymes
qui catalysent la conjugaison du gluthation sur des
substrats électrophiles. Ce sont des enzymes qui ont un rôle
majeur dans la détoxification de nombreux composés.
Dans la population caucasienne, 2 génotypes homozygotes nuls
de GSTM1 et GSTT1 sont détectés chez respectivement 40 et
15 % des sujets. Dans les 2 cas, il s’agit d’une double délétion
du gène avec comme conséquence une absence totale d’enzyme.
La double délétion de GSTM1 [25] et l’association des 2
génotypes homozygotes nuls de GSTM1 et GSTT1 augmentent
le risque de carcinome des VADS [26].
Les cytochromes P450 forment une famille d’enzymes qui
intervient également dans le métabolisme de nombreux toxiques.
Parmi eux, rappelons les cytochromes P450 1A1
(=CYP1A1 MspI) et 2E1 (=CYP2E1 PstI) qui métabolisent le
B(a)P en B(a)P-diol-époxide [25]. Il est décrit chez certains
sujets une hyperactivité du CYP1A1 associée à une augmentation
des adduits du B(a)P sur l’ADN et une augmentation
du risque de cancer du larynx et de la cavité buccale chez
les fumeurs [15]. Il a été montré que l’association d’une
hyperactivité du CYP1A1 et du génotype GSTM1 nul constituait
un risque multiplicatif pour les carcinomes des VADS [25].
Résultats
La recherche sur la base informatisée Medline a permis de
retrouver 258 articles. Après la première sélection opérée par le
groupe de lecture, 110 articles ont été retenus. Après relecture
par le médecin ORL senior, 77 ont été définitivement retenus. Si
l’on exclut les publications de l’OMS [3] et la classification de
l’Anaes [6], parmi les 75 publications restantes, 29 concernaient
des études épidémiologiques, 18 des études fondamentales,
17 des études toxicologiques et 11 des études cliniques.
Dans le chapitre qui suit, pour les études cliniques, le niveau de
preuve selon la classification de l’Anaes est indiqué entre
parenthèses.
Tabac
Le tabac peut être fumé, prisé ou chiqué. En France, le tabac
prisé et à chiquer est d’utilisation très marginale et représente
moins de 0,4 % du tabac consommé [7]. Le tabac à chiquer est
beaucoup moins toxique, mais il peut donner lieu à des cancers
des lèvres ou de la face interne des joues, car il peut être
mélangé à d’autres toxiques que sont la chaux, les feuilles de
retrouver 258 articles. Après la première sélection opérée par le
groupe de lecture, 110 articles ont été retenus. Après relecture
par le médecin ORL senior, 77 ont été définitivement retenus. Si
l’on exclut les publications de l’OMS [3] et la classification de
l’Anaes [6], parmi les 75 publications restantes, 29 concernaient
des études épidémiologiques, 18 des études fondamentales,
17 des études toxicologiques et 11 des études cliniques.
Dans le chapitre qui suit, pour les études cliniques, le niveau de
preuve selon la classification de l’Anaes est indiqué entre
parenthèses.
Tabac
Le tabac peut être fumé, prisé ou chiqué. En France, le tabac
prisé et à chiquer est d’utilisation très marginale et représente
moins de 0,4 % du tabac consommé [7]. Le tabac à chiquer est
beaucoup moins toxique, mais il peut donner lieu à des cancers
des lèvres ou de la face interne des joues, car il peut être
mélangé à d’autres toxiques que sont la chaux, les feuilles de
Méthodes
La recherche documentaire s’est faite à partir de la base de
données informatisée Medline (1980–2007) en utilisant
comme mots clés : « head and neck cancer », « squamous
cell carcinoma », « Tobacco », « Alcohol »,
« epidemiology », « carcinogen », « oncogenesis ». Ont été
exclues de ce travail toutes les publications relatives au cancer
du rhinopharynx compte tenu d’une épidémiologie très particulière
liée à ce type de cancer et de la nature histologique des
tumeurs rencontrées dans cette localisation anatomique.
Seules les publications traitant des cancers malpighiens de la
cavité buccale, de l’orohypopharynx et du larynx ont été
retenues.
Les auteurs de ce travail ont fait une première sélection
d’articles. Une seconde sélection a été faite par un médecin
ORL senior à partir des premiers articles sélectionnés. Des
études antérieures citées dans les articles retenus, ou ne faisant
pas partie de la base de donnée, ont été incluses en fonction de
leur pertinence. Quatre types d’études ont été sélectionnés :
e´ tudes e´ pide´ miologiques ;
e´ tudes toxicologiques ;
e´ tudes cliniques ;
recherche fondamentale.
Les facteurs de risque retenus l’ont été en fonction de leur
fréquence d’apparition dans les études.
Parmi les études cliniques, seules celles comportant un nombre
important de patients (>50) ont été retenues. Pour ces publications,
notre travail s’est appuyé sur le guide d’analyse de la
littérature et gradation des recommandations (A, B, C), publié
par l’Anaes en janvier 20006, afin d’évaluer le niveau de preuve
apporté en fonction de différents critères résumés dans le
tableau I.
Pour les études fondamentales, seules les publications
émanant d’équipes reconnues pour leurs travaux dans le
domaine de la cancérogenèse des cancers des VADS et décrivant
un mécanisme de cancérogenèse ont été retenues.
S’agissant d’une étude descriptive, il n’a pas été réalisé de
méta-analyse statistique.
données informatisée Medline (1980–2007) en utilisant
comme mots clés : « head and neck cancer », « squamous
cell carcinoma », « Tobacco », « Alcohol »,
« epidemiology », « carcinogen », « oncogenesis ». Ont été
exclues de ce travail toutes les publications relatives au cancer
du rhinopharynx compte tenu d’une épidémiologie très particulière
liée à ce type de cancer et de la nature histologique des
tumeurs rencontrées dans cette localisation anatomique.
Seules les publications traitant des cancers malpighiens de la
cavité buccale, de l’orohypopharynx et du larynx ont été
retenues.
Les auteurs de ce travail ont fait une première sélection
d’articles. Une seconde sélection a été faite par un médecin
ORL senior à partir des premiers articles sélectionnés. Des
études antérieures citées dans les articles retenus, ou ne faisant
pas partie de la base de donnée, ont été incluses en fonction de
leur pertinence. Quatre types d’études ont été sélectionnés :
e´ tudes e´ pide´ miologiques ;
e´ tudes toxicologiques ;
e´ tudes cliniques ;
recherche fondamentale.
Les facteurs de risque retenus l’ont été en fonction de leur
fréquence d’apparition dans les études.
Parmi les études cliniques, seules celles comportant un nombre
important de patients (>50) ont été retenues. Pour ces publications,
notre travail s’est appuyé sur le guide d’analyse de la
littérature et gradation des recommandations (A, B, C), publié
par l’Anaes en janvier 20006, afin d’évaluer le niveau de preuve
apporté en fonction de différents critères résumés dans le
tableau I.
Pour les études fondamentales, seules les publications
émanant d’équipes reconnues pour leurs travaux dans le
domaine de la cancérogenèse des cancers des VADS et décrivant
un mécanisme de cancérogenèse ont été retenues.
S’agissant d’une étude descriptive, il n’a pas été réalisé de
méta-analyse statistique.
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